Cash Bugdet

Cash   Budget
	Month	Sales	Purchases	Wages	Expenses			Additional info
	Jan-12	500,000.00	300,000.00	75,000.00	12,000.00			1	Cr Sales	40%	Cash Sales
	Feb-12	600,000.00	225,000.00	60,000.00	13,000.00				Cr Purchase	30%	Cash Purchase
	Mar-12	550,000.00	175,000.00	85,000.00	14,000.00
	Apr-12	475,000.00	300,000.00	90,000.00	10,000.00			2	Debtors
	May-12	625,000.00	350,000.00	60,000.00	16,000.00				3 months	30%
	Jun-12	700,000.00	400,000.00	50,000.00	17,000.00				2 months	40%
									Balance(1mnth)	30%
	Opening Balance --	200,000
								3	Creditors
	Particulars	March	April	May					Adv-1 month	20%
									2 mnth	60%
	Opening Balance	200,000.00	401,250.00	538,250.00					Balance Bills payable 4 month	20%
	Receipts (Sales)	330,000.00	285,000.00	375,000.00
	Debtors (sales)- 3 Months - 30%		60,000.00	72,000.00				4	Wages
	Debtors (sales)-2 months-40%	80,000.00	96,000.00	88,000.00					15 days-same month	50%
	Debtors (sales)- 1month-30%	72,000.00	66,000.00	57,000.00					prior month	50%
	Total receipts--(i)	682,000.00	908,250.00	1,130,250.00
								5	Expenses
	Payments								prior month	25%
	Purchases (Cash)	122,500.00	210,000.00	245,000.00					same month	75%
	Adv )(1 month)	18,000.00	21,000.00	24,000.00
	2 month	54,000.00	40,500.00	31,500.00
	Balance Bills--4 month			18,000.00
	Wages (50 % same month)	42,500.00	45,000.00	30,000.00
	(50 % p)rior month	30,000.00	42,500.00	45,000.00
	Expenses (25 % prior month )	3,250.00	3,500.00	2,500.00
	(75 % same momth)	10,500.00	7,500.00	12,000.00
	Total Payments-- (ii)	280,750.00	370,000.00	408,000.00
	Closing Balance--( i-ii)	401,250.00	538,250.00	722,250.00

Managerial accounting standard costing

	Chapter 2
	Standard costing
	Variance = Standard - Actual
	Favourable= better for company
	Adverse= Not good for company
	Formulae
1	Material Price Variance = (standard price - actual price )x Actual qty of material
2	Material usage Variance = ( Std Qty-Act Qty) x Std Price
3	Material Cost Variance=(Std Qty x Std Price- Act Qty x Actual Price)
	Labour Variances
4	Labour rate Variance=( standard rate-actual rate) x actual hrs
5	Labour efficiency Variance=(std hrs - actual hrs) x std rate
6	Labour cost variance( Std rate x std hrs - act rate x actual hr).
10/6/2012
Example 1	To produce 10 units of product A 4 kg material @ Rs 20 per kg is required
	Company produce 500 units consuming 220 kg materail  amounting to Rs. 4000
		unit	material in KG	price per kg
	Standard	10	4	20
	Standard for actual units		200
	Actual	500	220	18.18
	Material price variance Rs	400	Favourable because we saved this money
	Materail usage varianace	-400	(A) Adverse Un favourable for company
	Material cost variance	0.000
Inference	Due to good negotiation , bulk purchase etc we are saving on price per kg
	But due to wastage or inferior raw materail the consumpsion of material incresed.
	To run profitable business we need to keep the actual price and reduce on the material consumption
Example 2
	To produce 100 units 5hrs are required @ 25 per hour
	company has produced 7000 units by spending 3250 hrs amounting Rs. 85000
	Calculate labour variances
		unit	Time in Hrs	price per hrs
	Standard	100	5	25
	Standard for actual units		350
	Actual	7000	3250	26.15
	Labor rate Variance=( standard rate-actual rate) x actual hrs	-3750	A
	Labor efficiency Variance=(std hrs - actual hrs) x std rate	-72500	A
	Labor cost variance=( Std rate x std hrs - act rate x actual hr).	-76250	A
	Since the time for production is over 10 times than the std all are adverse.
Example 3	Std production 20 units , material A 5Kg @ Rs 30 per kg material B 3 kg @ Rs 50 per kg
	Actual production 2000 units material A 550kg amounting to Rs 15000 & material B 200 kg amounting to Rs 10000
		unit	material in KG	price per kg
	Standard A	20	5	30
	standard B	20	3	50
	standard for Actual A		500
	standard for Actual B		300
	Actual A	2000	550	27.27
	Actual B	2000	200	50
	Material Price Variance A	1500	F
	Material Price Variance B	0	NV
	Material Price Variance A+B	1500	F
	We need to continue to keep the Actual price for A and improve on B
	Materail usage varianace A	-1500	A
	Materail usage varianace B	5000	F
	Material Usage variance A+B	3500	F
	The production efficiency of B is good and improve on A
	Material Cost Variance  A	0
	Material Cost Variance  B	5000	F
	Total Cost variance A+B	5000	F
Example 4	Standard Production 100 units skilled labor 300hrs @ 250 / hrs , unskilled labor 500 hrs @ 175 /hr
	Actuals production 50000 units skilled labor 125000hrs amounting to 30000000 unskilled labors 200000 hrs amounting to 35000000
	S--> Skilled / US --> Unskilled
		unit	Time in hrs	wages per hr
	Standard S	100	300	250
	standard US	100	500	175
	standard for Actual S		150000
	standard for Actual US		250000
	Actual S	50000	125000	240
	Actual US	50000	200000	175
	Labor Rate Variance S	1250000	F
	Labor Rate Variance US	0	F
	Total Labor rate Variance	1250000	F
	Labor efficiency variance S	6250000	F
	Labor efficiency variance US	8750000	F
	Total Labor efficiency variance	15000000	F
	Labor Cost Variance  S	7500000	F
	Labor Cost Variance  US	8750000	F
	Total Cost variance	16250000	F
	Labor rate Variance=( standard rate-actual rate) x actual hrs
	Labor efficiency Variance=(std hrs - actual hrs) x std rate
	Labor cost variance( Std rate x std hrs - act rate x actual hr).

CIS Lecture 2

Lecture 2

 

Software continued:-

System Software:-

1.       Operating system :-Dos, Windows XP, NT, 7, 8 ,vista, Novel Netware, Novel Netware.

Categorization based on

a)      No of task we can run at one time. Single or multiple  

b)      No of Users accessing this. Single or multiple.

Single user Multiple task OS. Ex:- Windows various versions.

Single user Single task. Ex:- DOS

Multiuser single task. This is not practical since we cannot expect multiple users to use the same task.

Multiuser Multitask. Ex:- Linux ( open source, services are charged. The name is abrogated as Linux is not UNIX), Novel Netware. To have this kind there need to be a server and client configuration. Ex:- Internet usage. Railway ticketing, LAN.

UNIX is not an Operating system. It is a specification based on which there is Operating system is built (this was developed by Bell laboratory). We need to say, the operating system is of UNIX type. Each company has their brand name (IBM Aix, HP UX, and Sun Solaris).

Only the operating system which defines the utility based on the above discussion.

Features of Operating systems:-

a)      Act as user interface

b)      Process management. Start, kill and scheduling of a process. Sequencing of the processes.

c)       Memory management (Primary memory RAM). Memory allocation, de-allocation cleaning, isolation. When the memory gets full then it takes a snap short of the fist process and puts it on the Hard disk and executes it once it gets free.

d)      Input / Output Management. Printer, Keyboard, saving of information on word, PPT, error management.

e)      Security. Isolation of data based on login by user etc.

f)       File management.

g)      Added utilities as part of OS, like calendar , browser , Remote desktop connectivity.

2.       Database management system:- This is also a system software.

A)     Oracle

B)      Sybase

C)      SQL

D)     MS Access

E)      FoxPro

F)      MySQL Open source DBMS

There are 2 parts to it . Management system where you provide rules like read, write , access and permissions . Data base stores all the data in its own way , but will give you the data the same way you want to see it.

Advantages:-

a)      Volume of data stored.

b)      Fine grained security.

c)       Multiple access with proper control.

d)      Monitoring facility of usage.

e)      Auto recovery , auto saving .

f)       High reliability.

g)      Faster transactions.

h)      Data independence. Irrespective of how the data is stored . we can fetch the data in any format user wants.

Based on the way data is sorted( storage model)  in the data base management system.

a)      Hierarchal

b)      Networked

c)       Relational RDBMS ( Oracle, SyBase , Foxpro, MsAccess). Data is stored in a table format with various attributes in column with the name of the employee in Rows. All tables are related using common columns.

Columns which can uniquely identify the data in the table is called Primary key. Foreign key is a primary key of one table which appears in another table.

 d)      Object oriented 

User either directly access the database or through Applications. Each manufacturer makes this DBMS with their own language of interaction. Users need to get training to use it. Every time I use different DBMS they need to get training to use it.

Finally ANSI :- American National standard Institute. Brought about a common language to solve the above problem and SQL was formed.

TWO basic requirements for SQL: - All DBMS should be able to use it. And users need to be able to use it easily.

SQL:- Structured Query Language. It is not a DBMS. It is only to be used with RDBMS. Statement of command based language.

a)      Data manipulation language. DML ( commands like Insert into table employee, record, Delete , Update , Select to retrieve data from DBMS )

b)      Data definition Language. DDL (Data Definition like Create table, Alter Table , Drop table to delete it.

c)       Data control Language. DCL (controlling access to the information. Define controls like Grant R, RW , W , Revoke to stop access previously given to a user).

Next class will be on computer networks.